Challenge: Customers of secure-startup.com have been recieving some very convincing phishing emails, can you figure out why?

The point of security is to keep the bad things from happening and support the occurrence of good things. When Bad things happen to an organization, they usually go to law enforcement and the legal system for compensations. To get the legal support - they must demonstrate that the crime was committed that the suspect committed the crime. It means that the organization must provide a trail of evidence to convince the legal system to support them. This is relatively challenging things to do, and an organization will need Digital Forensics and Incident response teams to run and develop evidence for them. Security teams must think in terms of Legally Defensible Security. 

Domain Name Server (DNS) is one of the most common protocol. We use it multiple times a day without realizing it. Popularly known for converting a do main name into an IP address. Think of it as a glue between human and the network. Newer Content Delivery Networks (CDN) use DNS to ensure a client is send to the server closest to it's geography.

In today's post we are going to talk about the common DNS attacks used by malwares called Fast Flux. This may fall under the "Command and Control" Category in MITRE ATT&CK Framework.

In order to avoid blocking a malware owner quickly changes the resolved IP Addresses. So, every-time you'll query a host-name it'll give you a different IP Address. Usually, time to live (TTL) for each IP address is around 300 Seconds.  This technique is most commonly used by Botnets. A key thing to remember is the DNS Servers participates in the Fast-Flux is usually for Malicious purpose.

Investigation Tips:
Look for TTL < 300
DNS Count > 12
Recently registered domain.
Learn more about Fast Flux: http://www.honeynet.org/node/136

Suspicious traffic was detected from a recruiter's virtual PC. A memory dump of the offending VM was captured before it was removed from the network for imaging and analysis. Our recruiter mentioned he received an email from someone regarding their resume. A copy of the email was recovered and is provided for reference. Find and decode the source of the malware to find the flag.

Note: Find and Decode the source of the malware to find the flag. The reading the email file we know following information

Filename: resume.zip
IP: http://10.10.99.55:8080/resume.zip

Used following command to analyze the process

Found some suspicious stuff

Used netscan plugin to analyze the network connection and identified that process powershell is connecting to the Malicious IP address found the email. The malicious process is powershell 2752.

Lets perform a filescan and see if we can find the resume file in the memory.

We have some hits - lets dump them out and do strings on them.

Lets do strings on the dumped files.

There is some data in Base 64 - lets use cyberchef to decode it.

The output of base 64 has another base64 encoding in it. Looks like someone is running powershell

Finally we got some readable text and I can see the flag HTB{$_j0G_y0uR_M3m0rY_$}  in it.

Someone took my bytes! Can you recover my password for me?

Well, this challenge is not as easy as it looks for 20 points, but tools like CyberChef helps us in solving it quickly. Load the file in CyberChef and enjoy the magic!

Upload the password file to cyber chef and use the following Recipe available in the image below:
​

Pretty much are security-savvy companies uses EDR Tools like CrowdStrike, Carbon Black, Sentinel One, Endgame, etc. They are host-based continuous monitoring tools. They are primarily used for Anomaly Detection, Threat Hunting, and Incident Response Support.  Agents are deployed over a large volume of endpoints hosts, and all the activity is sent to a centralized database. 
What can you do with the data from the EDR Tool?

• Historical Searching, Scoping, and Remediation.
• Real-time visibility
• Pattern Analysis and IOC matching 

All the data can also be sent to SIEM Application like Splunk, Humio, or ELK Stack. Choice of the free text search depends on a budget of the team. EDR tools are great and offer visibility across the organization. Visibility is critical during an event of intrusion.

One key thing to remember is EDR is not a forensic tool. It'll not collect the complete data set. EDR tools are Proactive, and Forensic tools are Reactive. 
​

The image below is an older way to doing things. The image is pretty much self explanatory. Setting up a full stack manually is pretty complex plus you've to deal with compatibility issues as the things changes. The solution is using containerized approach via Docker. Imaging a situation where you've to enter all the commands manually to setup this environment plus keep a track of changes. Isn't it too much?

Below is an image of Dockerized approach. Each component (App) is inside a standalone container fulfilling all it's requirement (Libraries and Dependencies) completely isolated from other app containers.

Setting up the container environment is hard and complex as they are very low level. Here, Docker offers a high level tool with powerful functions and making it easy for end user to create a container. Solves - Compatibility issue, Easy to use

Container vs VMs
As you can see below in the image. Docker can manage container with Library and Dependencies alone while in case of Hypervisor each virtual machine has it's own Operating System inside it. This is an overhead and due to multiple OS and Kernels it's not efficient and have higher utilization. Consumes higher disk spaces as compared to docker container which also results in quicker boot times for dockerized environment.

With Hypervisor - Higher Utilization of resources, Consumes more space and takes longer to boot up.

What is the difference between Docker Image and Docker Container?
Well Docker Image is a package/template/plan to create one or more container and containers are running instances of the images. Lot of products are already dockerized but if you cannot find one for your app - you can create your own image too.

What's next?
Install Community Edition and create an account on docker hub.
Docker Hub: https://hub.docker.com/

Docker Installation
Docker installation is pretty straight forward and well documented. Please use the link below to access installation documentation: 
https://docs.docker.com/install/linux/docker-ce/ubuntu/

While searching across docker hub, I stumbled upon a working image of SANS SIFT.
Here is the link: https://hub.docker.com/r/gourav5660/sans_sift_forensics

I often face problem in mounting/accessing ex-fat drives/usb sticks in Ubuntu. You can access/mount exfat drives by running following commands:

• sudo add-apt-repository universe
  
• sudo apt update
  
• sudo apt install exfat-fuse exfat-utils
  

I use SSH Command Pretty much everyday. Just want to share some basics of SSH here in my blog

• It’s a communication Protocol
• Traffic is encrypted unlike telnet (Telnet is not encrypted) 
• SSH is the client and SSHD is there server ( Open SSH Daemon)
• SSHD sits and listen for SSH Connection 
• SSHD config file for security hardening

# Authentication Methods:
Command:> ssh john@192.168.2.17 

• Password
• Public/Private Key Pair (Recommended way)
• Host based - file known host

# Generating Keys 
Command:>  ssh-keygen 

• ~/.ssh/id_rsa (Private Key)
• ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub (Public Key)

Public key goes into server “Authorized_keys” file 

# Invalidate SSH certificates?

• ssh-add -D

The Forensics CTF Challenge is from Hackthebox.eu. Please see the details of the challenge and download the file from this link: 
https://www.hackthebox.eu/home/challenges/Forensics

We have got informed that a hacker managed to get into our internal network after pivoiting through the web platform that runs in public internet. He managed to bypass our small product stocks logging platform and then he got our costumer database file. We believe that only one of our costumers was targeted. Can you find out who the customer was?

They have provided a pcap file for the analysis. For the analysis you need to follow the TCP Stream. 

Once you start following in TCP Stream, you'll find the exfiltration information in the 1056 Stream.

Scroll down and review the content, it's fairly easy to notice the encoded flag in the data.

Use CyberChef Magic Recipe to decode the flag.

#Injection: 
Websites and apps occasionally need to run commands on the underlying databases or operating system to add or delete data, execute a script, or start other apps. If unverified inputs are added to a commands string or a database command, attackers can launch commands at will to take control of a server, device or data.

How does it work?
​If a website, app or device incorporates user input within a command, an attacker can insert a "payload" command directly into said input. If that input is not verified, an attacker then "injects" and runs their own commands.

Why it's bad?
Once attacker can make commands, they can control your website, apps and data.

Example:
SQL Injection was used in SONY Hack in 2014. The attackers used Server Message Block Worm tool to install several malicious components, including a backdoor and other tools. The SMB Worm Tool was equipped with five components, including a Listening Implant, Lightweight Backdoor, Proxy Tool, Destructive Hard Drive Tool, and Destructive Target Cleaning Tool. The worm moves throughout an infected network through brute-force authentication attacks on windows SMB Share and connects to a command and control (C2) infrastructure with servers located in Thailand, Poland, Italy, Bolivia, Singapore, and the United States​

Hack the box Forensic Challenge Library:
The security team was alerted to suspicious network activity from a production web server.Can you determine if any data was stolen and what it was?

Solution: Hackinthebox will provide you following data - pcapng file, and lot of bro logs:

While reviewing the log files - I noticed pastebin.com access from ip 10.10.20.13

​

Decrypte the data by the secrets.log file provided by hackthebox to view the content in plain text

Followed the TCP Stream for ip.addr == 10.10.20.13

There was a post request made (as seen in about screenshot). Filters packets by HTTP Post

Credit Card Data in Plain Text

Hack the box key below:

​Filesystem 
HFS+ (Hierarchical File System) (1998 – 2018)

• macOS 10.12-
• iOS 10.2-
• Big Endian (Flip Hex Editor)

 
APFS (Apple File System)

• macOS 10.13+
• iOS 10.3+
• Similar to HFS and Additional Stuff like highly nested stuff
• Keep eye on Blog

 
HFS+ Volume Header & Special FilesCatalog File (Forensics Gold) - BTree
Extents Overflow – B Tree
Attributes File (Forensics Gold)  – BTree
 
Volume Header & Example

• Lot of meta data
• Fsstat/hdiutil

 
B-TreesThink of it as a FLAT File

• Also used in APFS
• Used by Catalog, Attributes, Extents Overflow File
• Used for efficiency in searching stored data
• Made up of Nodes, Records, Keys (Catalog ID – Unique Value) & Data
• Ordered Key
• Header Node (always 1 and always at 0)
• Map Node (Allocation type of data)
• Index Data is like Pointers
• Leaf Node (Forensic Gold) – This will contain filesystem metadata.
• Read page 18-19
• FF notified a leaf node
• 01 is header

Leaf Node

• Bottom of  a tree
• Key Length – Always 2 Bytes in HFS +
• There are random null bytes for padding

Catalog File

• Hold File System Metadata
• CNID or i-node number
• First 15 Reserved by Apple
• 4 is catalog Files
• 6 is allocation File
• Sort by CNID
• Sleuth kit is used to extract out catalog file
• Used MMLS to find offset

Catalog file key

• 2 bytes | Key length
• 4 Bytes | Parent CNID
• Variable | Node Name (File Name)
• Folder Record
• File Record
• Extense Overflow File
• KMDI Where from is the data downloaded via Internet

 

GeneralWorld's Biggest Data Breaches, Information is Beautiful
11 Steps Attackers Took to Crack Target, CIO.com
Inside the Cunning, Unprecedented Hack of Ukraine’s Power Grid, Wired
2017 Cyber Risks to Intensify as Hackers Become More Cunning: Report, Energi
Defining CybersecurityThe Security Mindset, Schneier on Security
Cybersecurity unemployment rate at zero, SC Media
VulnerabilitiesNetwork live IP video cameras directory, Insecam.org
This website lets you view video from unsecured cameras around the world
For each story I mentioned in the video:Hackers Remotely Kill a Jeep on the Highway—With Me in It, Andy Greenberg, Wired
With 'recall,' Fiat Chrysler makes its car hack worse, Colin Neagle, Network World
Florida man wins over 1 million miles for hacking United Airlines, Jack Corrigan, WGN TV
Computer hackers can now hijack toilets, Sarah Griffiths, Daily Mail
Baby monitor hacker delivers creepy message to child, CBS News
It’s Insanely Easy to Hack Hospital Equipment, Kim Zeller, Wired
It’s Way Too Easy to Hack the Hospital, Monte Reel and Jordan Robertson, Bloomberg
Personal SecurityHere's What We Know About the Massive Cyber Attack That Took Down the Internet on Friday, Peter Dockrill, Science Alert
How the Dyn DDoS attack unfolded, Tim Greene, Network World
Who are the Hackers?MEECES to pieces, Deborah Radcliff, Network World

Compensating Control may be considered if PCI DSS requirement cannot meet a requirement due to legitimate Technical or Documented Business constraints.

Compensating Control must satisfy following:
1) Meet the intent and rigor of the original requirement.
2) Provide a similar level of defence as the original
3) Be "Above and Beyond" other PCI DSS Requirement.

What is above and beyong?
- If existing PCI DSS requirement CANNOT be considered as compensating Control if they are already required by the item under review.

- Existing PCI DSS requirement MAY be considered as compensating control if they are required for another area, but not required for the item under review.

- Existing PCI DSS requirement may be conbined with new control to become a compensating control.

Compensating Control Worksheet:
1) Constraints
2) Objective
3) Identified Risk
4) Defination of Compensating Controls
5) Validation of Compensating Controls
6) Maintainance




A. Be "above and beyond" other PCI DSS requirement (i.e., not simply in compliance with other requirements)
B. Sufficiently offset the risk that the original PCI DSS requirement was designed to defend against
C. Meet the intent and rigor of the original PCI requirement
​D. Be commensurate with additional risk imposed by not adhering to original requirement

 A - Card-not-present Merchants, All Cardholder Data Functions Fully Outsourced
   A-EP - E-Commerce Merchants, Partially Outsourced 
   B- Imprints Machine Only- No Electronic Card Storage, Standalone, Dial out Terminal. Data not Transmitted
    B-IP-  Merchant using only PTS Standalone Payment Terminal with an IP Connection to a Payment Processor . PTS- Approved Point of Interaction Device. Data Transmitted via IP
     C-VT - Merchants who manually enter a single transaction at a time via Keyboard into a Internet based Virtual Terminal.
       C- Merchant with Payment Application Systems connected to Internet, No Electronic Card Data Storage.
   D - Merchant & Service Provider not Included in above description